Marketing strategy of walkers crisps

Marketing strategy of walkers crisps Walkers is the UKs favorite crisps brand. Founded in 1948, butcher Henry Walker began making crisps in his Leicester Plant to keep his workers busy, as meat was scarce in post-war Britain. Today, Walkers is Britains largest crisp manufacturer, employing thousands of people in seven locations. Walkers have 16 ranges of crisps and snacks including Walkers Sensations, Doritos and Quavers. Still based in Leicester, Walkers joined the PepsiCo family in 1989 and makes around 10 million bags of crisps a day. Walkers is worth around  £436 million, and Walkers snacks are enjoyed by over 10 million people in the UK every day. In 2007, Walkers became the first company in the world to display a carbon reduction logo on a consumer product. The label covers the carbon used from seed to store and through to product disposal. Working with the Carbon Trust, Walkers reduced energy use per kilo by one third, and water use per kilo by 45%. Walkers have also committed to further year on year reductions to continue to qualify for the label. As part of their efforts to reduce our carbon emissions by reducing our road miles, they switched to using 100% British potatoes for Walkers crisps in July 2007. Introduction to Task 1 This task is regarding marketing strategy options for walker, the requirements from task is to identify the type of growth for walkers which is most relevant to the company and provide justification for that. And then provide two marketing strategy options for walkers and explain how these options can be used to achieve the competitive advantages and long term growth. What is a marketing strategy Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable  competitive advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered on the key concept that  customer satisfaction  is the main goal. [1] There are three steps in formulating a marketing strategy Step 1: Identification of growth opportunities Step 2: Consider developing Porters generic strategies Step 3: Draw up marketing options While assessing the growth opportunities some points which needs to be focused are Planning a new business, Downsizing or terminating the old ones which are no longer profitable, and the ratio between the desired sales and projected sales. As per requirement of this task the discussion will be only limited to the step 1, which is the identification of growth opportunities for Walkers. Type of growth for Walkers As looking at the current business, market share and market opportunities it indicates that for walkers the growth type is Intensive Growth. Intensive Growth is related to the growth when an organization want to enhance their current business and try to identify opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business. The above given diagram was produced by Ansoff which is a useful framework for companies management looking for the new opportunities to increase their sales and profits. As it show that it has four marketing strategies Two marketing strategy options for Walkers By looking into the current market position Walkers and the revenue they generate each year throughout the United Kingdom market, I will suggest Walkers the following two marketing strategies. Market Penetration Strategy Market Development Strategy Market Penetration Strategy The first strategy each and every company is looking for is to adopt for increasing their sales and revenue is the market penetration strategy. Market Penetration Strategy is the marketing efforts of the company to offer their existing products and services within the current market. The best way to do this is to attract competitors customers and looking for potential customers in the existing market for existing products. As Walkers have the opportunity to use market penetration strategy for their different brands in UK, and also abroad. Before going for marketing penetration strategy proper analysis of competitors in market is required what are their strengths and in which areas they are lacking in providing good services to customers, what are the core competencies for Walkers against all those who are already in the market, and then develop a plan to address those areas which need to be, and try to capture more and more customers of other competitors and also become an attracting brand symbol for new customers in the market of crisps. Market Development Strategy Developing a new market for the existing company product is called market development strategy. In this activity efforts are put on to find new markets and make new customers to increase company revenue and profit. Walkers has the opportunity to develop markets oh geographical such as cities, counties, and demographical such as on basis of sex, age group and class etc. Walkers have the opportunities to develop new markets for its product throughout the United Kingdom, and also in other potential areas globally. Through market penetration strategy they can give good packages to their customers in order to encourage current customers to buy more, the second and important factor in this strategy is that to attract competitors customer by providing them good packages to buy Walkers product and attract all those customers who are new to this market and increase the number of customers. Justification for Marketing Strategies Choices As Walkers Crisps is a UK brand with a 47% share of the British crisp market. And 12 different types of crisps products, which shows that almost half of the UK crisps market is captured by Walkers, and they have a very good and popular brand name, thats why in this assignment the two marketing strategies Market Penetration Strategy and Market Development Strategy for the purpose of marketing are recommended to Walkers. They can launch their product in new markets to attract their competitor customers and all those who are new to the crisps market, because of having good will of Walkers and good market share in the country markets, Walkers will definitely get succeed in attracting new customers and their competitors customers. The second proposed strategy for Walkers (Market Development Strategy) will enable Walkers to introduce their products into new markets with their current products. Although Walkers have about half of the market share captured in UK crisps market but definitely there will be some potential areas where they dont have given the required focus in past, or address those markets where they have low sales as compared to their competitors, so this strategy will help walkers to properly analyze the new market areas and launch their products under the well known brand name of Walkers to achieve maximum benefits for the company. Introduction to Task 2 For every product in market the PESTEL analysis is very important as it is a main part of the marketing strategy development, so the requirement from this task is to carry out PESTEL analysis for Walkers, and then provide enough information and asses how technological change and globalization for the companys market planning in the next 3 years. What is PESTEL Analysis PESTLE stands for P: Political E: Economic S: Sociological T: Technological L: Legal E: Environmental.   PESTLE analysis is in effect an audit of an organizations environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic decision-making. The assumption is that if the organization is able to audit its current environment and assess potential changes, it will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes. Importance of PESTEL Analysis To help make decisions and to plan for future events, organizations need to understand the wider meso-economic and macro-economic environments in which they operate. (The meso-economic environment is the one in which we operate and have limited influence or impact, the macro-environment includes all factors that influence an organization but are out of its direct control). An organization on its own cannot affect these factors, nor can these factors directly affect the profitability of an organization. But by understanding these environments, it is possible to take the advantage to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to the organization. Conducting a strategic analysis entails scanning these economic environments to detect and understand the broad, long term trends.   A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the big picture of the environment in which an organization is operating. Specifically a PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market (the need for a product or service) growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for an individual business or organization.   A PESTLE analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point affect what is happening inside an organization. The six elements form a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company, a marketing proposition, or idea.   Completing a PESTLE analysis can be a simple or complex process. It all depends how thorough you need to be. It is a good subject for workshop sessions, as undertaking this activity with only one perspective (that is, from just one persons view) can be time consuming and miss many critical factors. We all see things differently and harnessing the knowledge of several people will ensure the process is robust and meaningful. PESTEL Analysis for Walkers Following is the PESTEL analysis of Walkers in UK, keeping in mind the market share, growth and opportunities available in UK crisps market. Political: what is happening politically in the environment in which you operate, including areas such as tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and reform, tariffs and political stability. As the political system in the UK is one of the most stable democratic systems, so Walker will be having no problems regarding the country political system. The taxations, employment laws and environmental regulations in UK have proper system to introduce so thats not an immediate treat, but the Walkers have to look into current recession which is effecting almost all organizations in the world. Economic: what is happening within the economy, for example; economic growth/ decline, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate, wage rates, minimum wage, working hours, unemployment (local and national), credit availability, cost of living, etc. the current economic conditions have effected most of the organizations throughout the world, so before launching any new marketing campaign it is necessary for Walkers to have proper analysis of the available resources for campaign and what will be the after effects of that. Sociological: what is occurring socially in the markets in which you operate or expect to operate, cultural norms and expectations, health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes, emphasis on safety, global warming. As Walkers is so much focused on these issues, they have invested millions pound to improve the health related issues in their products. Technological: what is happening technology-wise which can impact what you do, technology is leaping every two years, how will this impact your products or services, things that were not possible five years ago are now mainstream, for example mobile phone technology, web 2.0, blogs, social networking websites. New technologies are continually being developed and the rate of change itself is increasing. There are also changes to barriers to entry in given markets, and changes to financial decisions like outsourcing and in sourcing. So Walkers need to keep updating on their technological side to ensure their parallel walk with the fast driven technological world. Legal: what is happening with changes to legislation. This may impact employment, access to materials, quotas, resources, imports/ exports, taxation etc. As described earlier that to bring changes in legal system in country there is a fair and smooth process, so Walkers dont need to be worried about it. Environmental: what is happening with respect to ecological and environmental aspects. Many of these factors will be economic or social in nature. So Walkers need to develop environment friendly product and use such fuels in the manufacturing plants which produce min environmental pollution and dont harm the health of the workers. Impact of Technological Change In modern world the technology evolve very quickly and each and every day there is some new innovation in the way organizations use the technology in order to enhance their operations and perform the daily activates in good and quick way. The business world has revolutionized almost beyond recognition in the past few decades. Technology and we mean the advances in communication and information technology has changed the face and the pace of business. As communication and information travels faster and faster, the world seems smaller and smaller, and this has large implications for the way we conduct business. Storing important in files on a computer  rather than in drawers, for instance, has made information easily accessible. Using  e-mail  allows businesses to communicate and send these files quickly to remote locations outside of an office. The impacts of technological change for Walkers in next 3 years will the following General changes to technology Communicating Consumers in control Technology has bring a revolutionary changes to the way of marketing, after the evaluation of internet most of the business are now not limited to shop-based shopping, but the concept of virtual business is introduced. The fast communication among the business units and storage of large scale of data easily, and accessibility of data at finger tips are the main advantages of using technology. Technology makes it easy for consumers to find information that they are looking for they are now in control of what they are getting from businesses. With the internet, it is simple for consumers to get online and find a great deal or the same product that you are selling, but one of higher quality for the same price. The internet has created a world of choices for the consumer to use, which means they can make demands on what type of product or service you are offering. What you need to do is to change your product or service and what you are delivering to ensure that your consumers are getting the best deal possible, but that they are also getting the best service and the best value when compared to other companies. Impact of Globalization Globalization has caused dramatic changes to business practices around the world. Companies such as IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and Philips have started to outsource specialists from various parts of the world, causing job shifts and changes in companies structures (Engardio, Bernstein, and Kripalani, 2003). Globalization is an interesting phenomenon since it is obvious that the world has been going through this process of change towards increasing economic, financial, social, cultural, political, market, and environmental interdependence among nations. Virtually, everyone is affected by this process. Given these changes, globalization brings about a borderless world (Eden and Lenway, 2001; Ohmae, 1989a). Globalization drives people to change their ways of living. So to complete in the globalized world Walkers management need to think out of the box and develop their marketing strategy in way which fulfills the needs of all the global stakeholders, and all products and information must be available globally. For that they may need to outsource their business operations may be to some firms in countries other than in where Walkers is in operation. Conclusion and Recommendations Walkers have very good market in UK, providing their customers good crispy products having twelve brands of snacks and crisps. They have captured forty three percent of UK market; have very good marketing strategy like having a former England football team captain as Walkers brand ambassador. But they have very potential growth opportunities which will need to be availed by having improved marketing strategy and addressing the hidden markets to penetrate in those areas, and also try to attract new customers into market, also the customers of their competitors. Also they need to keep updating on their system and technologies both for information sharing, marketing and product preparation to have improved quality of products and achieve the organizational goals and objectives.

Analyzing Development and Change in the Media Industries

Every good analyst or researcher must grasp the importance of using various analytical tools as well as visual aids to comprehend various dilemmas faced by companies. In the case of BBC we must use various analytic tools to provide an overview of the situation being faced by BBC in 2001. Holistically, we must examine all changes and aspects of BBC in 1999 and 200. The below visual aid, Diagram A, is a representation of some financial highlights. This aid is a creation from data provided in the case study, and uses a pivot table in excel to illustration the percentage changes per financial highlight.The chart below this diagram reflects the actual numerical change and percentage change be they negative or positive. You can see that operating profits have dropped considerably from 1999 to 2000 a full 25%. For a company like BBC this is a huge loss. In addition, turnover has increased both worldwide as well as on a group level. Via this statistical analysis, it can be verified that the company is suffering from employee disgruntlement and decrease in ratings.In terms of using analysis to determine a solution, the company needs also to provide a break-even analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine at which point the company is making an adequate profit margin as well as a range of probabilities that a decision or alternative decision is acceptable. (Case Study, BBC). Initially we shall look at why producing it own programmes might be a source of conflict for BBC. BBC has over time and experience developed into one of the world’s leading broadcasters and programme makers.Renowned for its emphasis on high quality, accuracy of reporting stories, and neutrality BBC must recognize that this must be upheld as it produces its own programmes. In all fairness, BBC has the responsibility of pursuing all stories without regard to who or what is paying it. Revenue that is generated should not be based upon the payer’s expectations but on the equality and jus tification for the story. BBC is faced with these aspects as it produces its own programmes because ‘the hand that feeds it’ might not be supportive of particular stories or reporting.In addition, as BBC is part of the print industry via its own magazine it must retain its revenue why printing stories that interest its clientele. This financial situation guides BBC as it modernizes and uses new technology to present stories in an interesting manner. In its effort to preserve its reputation for accuracy and impartiality, BBC’s management structure had also come under scrutiny. Managers who had been recruited or hired from outside the firm might not have had the company’s philosophy or accepted the company’s historic approach to accuracy.Producing programmes in-house might have the manager’s external influences associated with its handling of stories. Bureaucratic tendencies might stifle creativity and invoke change away from the BBC value syst em. This might in turn lead consumers to believe that impartiality, accuracy, and fairness has been compromised on BBC’s part. (Case Study, BBC). Secondly, we shall examine why competing for ratings with other television channels is obviously a huge area of conflict for BBC. In the modern world, there are many channels ranging from your basic channels to cable to direct tv.These massive amount of channels have a tendency to give much choice to consumers. BBC needs to focus on surveying and determining exactly what the consumer desires to see. Stories need to continue to be accurate but also contain new skills of reporting and a different manner of creative thinking in order to compete for ratings. The case study relates how the 1990 Broadcasting Act required both ITV and BBC companies to have at least 25% of its programmes from the independent sector. As this situation occurred, morale among employees and prices dropped due to redundant stories and broadcastings.Ratings were also adversely affected by the company seeing and recognizing that its news could no â€Å"longer be tailored to fit its overseas listeners and would take on a London bias. This was overcome by retaining the dedicated newsroom already based in Bush House. † In general, this is always a threat to their ratings should they fail to consider oversea listeners’ interests and expectations. (Case Study, BBC). Finally, being a global provider is an area of conflict for BBC because like stated above the company needs to retain ratings from its oversea and global listeners.In order to be successful at this it needs to tailor its stories without losing its listeners in London as well. Because globally there are different manners of communicating, the company also needs to focus on external suppliers to produce TV content which is interactive, online sites which are user-friendly and informative, and strategically position itself to have a well-organized and structured organizatio n. Global expectations also call for having search engines, a website which is efficient to navigate through, video and audio streaming, voting applications, and audience management (website, opta).Question 3: How should the decision making process be followed in order to make good decisions to respond to the situation faced by the BBC in 2001? In order to adequately address this concern I must first iterate upon the importance and significance of the decision making process. This process itself consists of a variety of step-by-step action plan which should be adhered to. As these steps are laid out I will indicate how BBC needs to or has responded during each of these steps.Furthermore, I will distinguish if these steps have ensured that BBC is making good decisions about responding to the dilemmas facing the company in 2001. Depending on how well the company is handling these steps deems its success or failure level. So, the first step of the decision making process is identifying the problem. By identifying the problem the analyzer can ‘put a name’ or ‘face’ to the situation. This enables the company to achieve an initial understanding of where to focus their attentions and perhaps which actionable plans must be considered to resolve the situation.For BCC, their chief problems lie in deciding how much authority and responsibility it should invest in other companies creating its programmes, how much should BBC compete for its ratings as a public service broadcaster, and to what level should BBC act as a global provider. To identify the problem they need to find the source of the problem. In this case, the source of the problem lies in the license fee and the government’s control of its programmes. Having identified the problem, you can focus on focusing on the problem versus the ‘symptoms’ of it.This focus allows BBC to specify objectives and set decision criteria or requirements which can aid in selecting a solu tion. By selecting decision criteria BBC can decide which methods it might undertake to rectify the situations that they are facing. For instance, BBC’s commercial services found itself forced to produce its own magazine containing its own programme listings. It saw that it could either remain out of the print industry, ignore that other newspapers were refusing to publish details on its programs, or decide to supplement their own earnings by creating the BBC Enterprising LTD (BBC Worldwide).This also gave them a foothold in seeing a strong increase in its revenue and sales. For 2001, the company saw that past performances of inefficiency and losing audiences in the face of rapid increase in cable channels was threatening its prosperity. In the decision making process it began to develop suitable alternatives. Depending on the nature or significance of the problem, selecting an alternative or even listing out alternatives requires must analysis. By listing out alternatives, B BC can see a variety of them as well as produce creative alternatives which can either be simple or complex.One alternative is for BBC is to ignore the problem. By ignoring it, BBC can save money and time on implementations or changes; but it can lose the rest of its consumer loyalty or its ratings. In addition, management would not recognize modernization, new markets, new technologies, and the need for improved consumer interests. Furthermore, cost effectiveness would continue to be a problem as increased competition from digital, cable, and satellite channels continued to prosper. Lastly, by ignoring the situation the current employee disgruntlement would remain and turnover would continue to occur (Stevenson 70-73).This turnover is a true loss of talent and experience. In general, this alternative is not logical nor practical. In fact, BBC should develop alternatives which limit the growth of management, reorganize the structure, seek to overcome restrictions to their licensing fee agreement, focus on surveying what the consumer wishes to listen too, and determine what times to air their shows. Programmes could continue to be contracted out to get new and various coverage points and view points.Another alterative would be to have more in-house services or from the private sector in order to be financially more competitive. By tailoring their programming to what the consumer wanted and scheduling those programmes in the periods that consumers would watch, there would be an increase in ratings and audience figures. This general analysis and comparison of alternatives allows the company to brainstorm which best practice or solution is most effective. Financial number crunching and comparative analysis to other competitive firms would also be wise.At this point, BBC should select its best alternative. In this case, ignoring the situation is not practical. Deciding to continue with government handling is not proactive or financially secure. So, it should select to adhere to focus on increasing ratings and audience figures. External consultants and internal representatives should hash out any such details about complying with the licensing fee agreements while focusing on modern complications and how to overcome them. By adopting a different method of funding to replace and subsidize its income, it can overcome these dilemmas.At this point in its decision making process, BBC would have to implement the decided upon alternative after having a report listing out the pros, cons, financial rewards, and financial pitfalls should it not do so. In addition, a SWOT analysis should be completed of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of proceeding with the alternative (Stevenson 70-73). The decision-making process for BBC does not end at implementing the final and chosen alternative. Instead, the company must monitor, critique, and evaluate the alternative as it is carried out to ensure that the results are being obtained.A little adjustments here and there can be made to guarantee the company is going in the right direction. Consumers can be surveyed, employee constructive feedback can be requested, financial reports should be comparing the quarters at all times, and management should be fully aware of all aspects. All in all, this is a very time consuming process which requires much awareness and preparedness for BBC. Question 4: Does Government policy constrain the ability of the BBC to respond to its situation in 2001? If so, explain how.It is obvious through the case study, that government policy is indeed constraining the ability of BBC to respond to its situation in 2001. This is occurring because there is a system of the licensing fee. BBC is dependent on the government of each period to determine if and how it is to continue its programming as well as how much funding is to be made available to it. As the political climate was favoring deregulation and a free market place, BBC found itself in a posit ion where its license fee revenue was decreasing (Case Study, BBC).The company was being encouraged to consider venturing into commercial avenues in order to supplement its income while continuing to pay an extraordinary amount to continue to hold onto its license. These fees were continuing to increase each year, as multi-channel competition between providers increased. Works Cited: Case Study: The BBC. BA in Business Studies Website: Opta Creating New Businesses: Case-Studies-Media. Retrieved March 29, 2007. http://www. opta. com/who_we_serve_casestudies_media_print. htm Stevenson, William J. Production and Operations Management. Fourth Edition. Von Hoffman Press. 1993

Recommendation Letters for Midlife Graduate Students

Thinking about changing careers? Graduate school is the ticket to a career change; its not just for recent graduates. Many adults consider returning to school to earn a masters or doctoral degree and begin the career of their dreams. Think graduate school is only for the young? Think again. The average graduate student (collapsing over masters and doctoral programs in all fields) is well over 30 years of age. Midlife applicants to graduate school have special concerns. For example, what do you do about letters of recommendation when youve been out of college for a decade? Thats a tough one. Before you resign yourself to completing another bachelors degree or, worse yet, give up on applying to graduate school altogether, try the following: Contact your professors from college Professors keep records on students for years. Its a long shot, though, because professors are known to move on to other schools or retire, but try anyway. More importantly, professors probably wont recall enough about you to write a competent letter. While its helpful to obtain at least one letter from a professor, it might not be possible to contact your old professors. What then? Enroll in a class Before applying to graduate school, try taking a few classes, either at the undergraduate level if youre entering a new field or at the graduate level. Excel in those classes and let your professors get to know you. If theyre doing research in your area of interest, volunteer to help. Letters from faculty who know you now will help your application immensely. Ask a supervisor or employer to write on your behalf Given that most graduate applications require three letters of recommendation, you may need to look beyond faculty for your letters. A supervisor can write about your work ethic, enthusiasm, maturity, and life experience. The trick is ensuring that your referee understands what graduate admissions committees are looking for in applicants. Provide your referee with all the information he or she needs to write an excellent letter. Include a description of your work-related experiences, why you wish to attend graduate school, your skills, and abilities -- as well as examples of how your current work demonstrates those skills and abilities. In other words, consider exactly what youd like the letter to say, then provide your supervisor with everything he or she needs to write that letter. Provide phrases and paragraphs that contain important material and examples illustrating your capacities; this can help your supervisor frame the task and his or her evaluation. It can also subtly guide your letter writer; however, do not expect your supervisor to simply copy your work. By helping - providing detailed information and guidance - you can influence your letter by making it easy for your supervisor. Most people like easy and your letter is likely to reflect that.

Balancing Solidarity and Empathy - 972 Words

Going through life pathways you develop a sense of what you want to do with your time and with your life so, it is asked what is more important to ones personal fulfillment furthermore, what decisions and values are most important to you? Some believe that being in solidarity has more advantages with getting tasks done than being around others for example, in the essay â€Å"The Rewards of Living a Solidarity Life† author Mary Sarton explained that, â€Å"Human intercourse often demands that we soften the edge of perception, or withdraw at the very instant of personal truth for fear of hurting, or being inappropriately present† (42). Others argue that having empathy for others can be better for you and for the world, in the memoir by author Azar Nafisi â€Å"Mysterious Connections that Link Us Together†, says â€Å"Through imagination and our desire for rappart we transcend our limitations, freshen our eyes, and are able to look at ourselves and the world throug h a new and alternative lens† (44). Balancing alone time and working with others brings out the best in everybody and can be important for ones personal fulfillment. One of the arguments in personal relationships and having empathy for others is that empathy is feeling that you understand and share another persons experience and emotions: the ability to share someone elses feelings, for example Nafisi says â€Å"I believe in the kind of empathy that is created through imagination and through intimate, personal relationships† (44). 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Respect for Children Stop Bullying in Schools Essay

The human race is connected to this earth. Humans, being part of nature, need to nurture the life of, and on, this planet. With this in mind, a prerequisite for society should incorporate the comprehension of, respect for human life. Parents and family are the key sources to supply lessons in respect for humanity, and schools are equally important, as the key secondary source. Although many people think the core curriculum is rigorous enough for students, the basic four classes in math, language, history, and science are not enough for children to function fully, or adequately, as conscientious and considerate member of society. Thus, parents and members of the community must bring this vital undertaking of social acceptance to†¦show more content†¦Parents take many measures protecting their children from infancy through adulthood. For example, parents scrutinize over which schools to send their children to, by evaluating the educational philosophies, academia, cleanli ness, safety, and number of children per classroom. Unfortunately, the safety needs of children in schools are not being met. According to Bullyingstatistics.org, â€Å"There are about 160,000 children that miss school every day out of fear of being bullied.† (Bullyingstatistics.org) Bullying is socially, emotionally, and psychologically destructive. Bullying leads to undue stress on children, and detracts from the learning process. In fact, studies show that schools and community involvement is necessary for preventing, and stopping bullying tactics. Therefore, society must step in and campaign for the core curriculum to include classes teaching respect for all life. Death and suicide are possible results of bullying. Suicide related to bullying has occurred in children from grade school through college, with the youngest reported at six years old. Similar to the Columbine High School massacre, where murder and suicide due to bullying were combined, has occurred in many other high schools and colleges. According to statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, â€Å"For youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third leading cause of death. ItShow MoreRelatedSocial Medi Not So Ideal? Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the article Bullying Statistics, â€Å"19.6% of high school students in the US report being bullied at school and 14.8% report being bullied online† (â€Å"Bullying Statistics†). Children of all ages are now involved with so much technology and social media that it has become a problem in society. Instead of using social media and technology for good and fun, children are now using it to bully others. 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In 2014, at Duncanville High School in Texas, one hundred and seventy teenagers were suspended for refusing to wear school uniforms (Golgowski 2104)Read MoreTaking a look at Bullying712 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s society bullying has become a major issue that the kids in America a re facing. Over the years, this issue has evolved from bullying verbally to cyberbullying. With the increase in use of technology children are beginning to use internet sites such as Facebook, twitter, and Instagram to judge other peers. With issues beginning on the internet they are also bringing them with them into the schools, workplaces, and many other local places. The cyberbullying is causing emotional problems throughoutRead MoreTaking a Look at Bullying690 Words   |  3 PagesWhat happens with bullies and the people that get bullied during school and when they get out of school?† Although most bullies think theyre hot stuff and have the right to push people around, others are actually insecure.†says U.S. Department of Health Human Services â€Å"Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time.†says U.S. Depart ment of Health Read MoreSchool Anti Bullying Programs Are Not Effective Enough At Preventing Bullying1109 Words   |  5 PagesBullying is the unwanted aggressive discrimination that mostly happens in middle school. Children who get bullied are always bullied because of race, religion, physical disability or sexual orientation. 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With these needs also comes the need to feel in control or gain attention when he or she feels low on the social acceptance level among their peers. This type of situation can lead to a major conflict in our schools called bullying. Although bullying continues to be a consistent

Hamlet and Revenge Free Essays

Revenge always leads an individual down a path of destruction. It is a horrible trait for one to posses; it triggers many different emotions, which causes one to act blindly. Revenge can reflect on the principle an eye for an eye. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet and Revenge or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Shakespeare’s playwright Hamlet, the play demonstrates revenge according to the self-fulfilling prophecy; seeking revenge can lead to complete tragedy within the following main characters. Hamlet, Laertes and Young Fortinbras, shared a common goal; this was to avenge the deaths of their fathers, revenge was their main motive among all three characters. Considering they were the eldest of their family, it was up to them to prove their manhood by protecting their family prestige. This led some characters towards tragedy, while it led others towards greatness. Hamlets’ act of revenge cost him his own life, as well the lives of other victims. The reason many of the events that occurred in the play was due to the murder of Hamlet’s father King Hamlet, by his uncle Claudius the current King of Denmark. With the tragic loss of his father, Hamlet swore that he would have revenge on his uncle for killing his father. This is clearly demonstrated when Hamlet says: â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my revenge (Hamlet I. v. 29-31). This quotation show, that Hamlet is determined to seek revenge, it also shows the amount of respect and value he had for his late father; however, Hamlet did not believe in violence. This is why before planning his revenge against Claudius; Hamlets’ deep thinking provoked him to put on a play â€Å"The Mousetrap† before he jumped into conclusions. He states this as he says the following: â€Å"The play’s the thing wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King (Hamlet. II. ii. 531-532). Although, Hamlet believes the truth about his uncle, he hesitates and holds back in making his move. This was the major consequence of his death; the delay of Hamlet’s act of revenge led him to his tragic fate. Hamlet received an opportunity to attack Claudius and kill him, when Claudius was praying and confessing to god. However, he does not take advantage of this opportunity. As he watches Claudius confessing his sin, Hamlet talks to himself: â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now he is praying; and now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven; and so am I revenged. That would be scann’d: A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven† (Hamlet III. iii. 73-78). Hamlet holds back yet again, to have his revenge upon Claudius, the reason for this could be due to the fact that Hamlet fears the consequence, following the murder of Claudius. Hamlet constantly postpones his revenge, due to his over analyzing and over thinking. He did not believe in violence, his self-conscience also was a factor. In the end, Hamlet was a man a lot of thought and little action; this is why he lost his life to revenge and fear. Laertes’s motive was similar to Hamlet’s as well; however, they were very different in dealing with their role as avengers. Laertes decisions were made too quickly, he let his emotions control him; this forced him jump to conclusions without thinking the situation through. This is illustrated when he speaks of his revenge for his father’s murder: â€Å"†I dare damnation: to this point I stand, that both worlds I give to negligence, let come what comes; only I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father† (Hamlet. IV. v. 135-137). Laertes reacts immediately, by speaking of revenge, with no further thought at all. Once, Laertes was aware that his father was murdered by Hamlet; he felt that Hamlet needed to be killed in order for Laertes to have his revenge. As Claudius speaks with Laertes regarding revenge on Hamlet, he says: â€Å"Hamlet comes back: what would you undertake, to show yourself your father’s son in deed more than in words? † (Hamlet. IV. viii. 124-126). Laertes does not hesitate to answer, Claudius’ question as he responds: â€Å"To cut his throat i’ the church† (Hamlet. IV. v. 126). Laertes, would like to cut Hamlet’s throat in church, this shows that Laertes has only one main intention, this is the death of Hamlet. However, Hamlet did not murder Claudius while he was praying. It has clearly portrayed how the two characters differ despite their common circumstances. The short amount of period Laertes is with Claudius, he manages to influence Laertes very quickly. Although Hamlet apologizes to Laertes regarding Polonius’ murder, regardless of Hamlets apology Laertes still felt the need to avenge his father’s death. He says the following to Hamlet regarding his honor: â€Å"I am satisfied in nature, whose motive, in this case, should stir me most to my revenge: but in my terms of honor I stand aloof; and will no reconcilement, till by some elder masters, of known honor, I have a voice and precedent of peace, to keep my name ungored. But till that time, I do receive your offer’d love like love, and will not wrong it† (V. ii. 244-252). This shows that, Laertes was not in the right state of mind, his heart was set on killing Hamlet, and he was willing to go to any extent into fulfilling it. Laertes also, poisoned his sword little was he aware of the fact that it could harm him as well. This is what brought Laertes’ life to an end, his sudden action without thought cost him his own life. Young Fortinbras was a Prince willing to pay anything so that he may gain his revenge on Denmark. This is because his father was killing by King Hamlet, in a battle against Denmark for a piece of land. Since that day, Fortinbras was determined to have his revenge at any cost. Over the years, Fortinbras thought over his plan and decided that he was willing to battle against Denmark for a small piece of land. However, when Fortinbras runs into Hamlet he tells the Prince the following: â€Å"†Two thousand souls and twenty thousand ducats will not debate the question of this straw: this is the imposthume of much wealth and peace, that inward breaks, and shows no cause without why the man dies. I humbly thank you, sir† (IV. iv. 25-29). Fortinbras was willing to risk over 20,000 lives for a piece of land that was not worth a lot. This shows his determination and ultimate goal that he is ready to give anything to gain what he believes he deserves. Fortinbras main intention was to battle Denmark for his father has lost land and kingdom. As he speaks with Horatio he states the following: â€Å"I have some rights of memory in this kingdom, which now to claim my vantage doth invite me† (V. ii. 389-390). He claims his rights over the kingdom, and speaks out once he thinks everything through. Fortinbras used his time wisely and perfected his plan before he made a move to attack. Once he realized the royal family was destroyed he did not rejoice, he was saddened by their fate. This is stated when he says: â€Å"For me, with sorrow I embrace my fortune† (V. ii. 388). In the play Fortinbras represent a more logical and thoughtful type of man that takes action at the right time. This benefits him as well as spares his life; the right amount of patience gained him his reward and ultimate goal. In conclusion, one of the major themes in this play shapes up the plot. Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras were within the same circumstances however, they approached it in a different manner. This resulted the fate of the three characters, Shakespeare portrays the consequences of revenge and how it can destroy an individual. The principle â€Å"an eye for an eye† has been clearly demonstrated in Shakespears most famous tragedy. How to cite Hamlet and Revenge, Papers

Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction Nursing in a broader sense deals with the protection promotion and the optimization of the health. It involves the preventive activities relating to illnesses and injuries suffered by a person. The nursing is the management of the health issues in a way, which facilitates healing, and recovery of the illness and the problems relating to the health faced by the people. Globalization has posed a major threat to the lives of the people and therefore nursing practices had to undergo certain changes in this century. It involves the management of the health issues faced by the individuals, families and communities. The practices help in making the life of the individuals sustainable through the continuous efforts and care. In this context, nursing is being judged based on the models and theorems that are being proposed for the better functioning of the practices. The practices are being formulated as per the requirements of the society and thereby it helps in determining the major functions undertaken by the nurses (McCormack, Manley and Titchen 2013). The applicability of the services as per the requirements of the models is based on the common criteria of the requirements of the clients. The requirements of the clients and the health issues faced by the people influences the approach that is being undertaken by the nurses. in order to adhere to the interests of the clients, the nurses are required to adhere to the models that will be enumerated in the report (Alligood 2013). The Systems model of Neuman provides a system based approach to nursing which includes flexibility in its operations. The flexibility of the nursing activities helps in undertaking the efficient course of action. It helps the ind ividuals in undertaking the best possible practice based on the requirements of the health care (Im and Ju Chang 2012). It inhibits the primary secondary and the tertiary nursing practices based on the maintenance of the patient. On the other hand, Self-care deficit theory of nursing prepared by Orem is based on the concept of developing the nursing practices and monitoring over the quality of the services that are being delivered by the nurses on the same. The most important consideration undertaken by the model is based on the wide range of requirements of the patients (Masters 2014). It stresses more on the quality of the services rendered by the nurses. The wide acceptance of the theory makes it more convenient to adopt in the circumstances of the crisis. The discussion aims at understanding the theories and the manner in which are applied on the issues in order to solve them. The most important consideration that is being undertaken while evaluating the principles is based on the criteria of the outcomes of the practices. The practices help in sustaining the life of the patients (Smith and Parker 2015). Determining the needs of the patients and application of the theories based on the requirements is the important decision that the nurses are required to take. The diversity in the modern world have resulted to several health related issues (Masters 2015). Nursing helps in enumerating the issues and solve them according to the requirements of the health care needs of the patients. The purpose of undertaking this discussion is to underline the important limitations and benefits of the theories and the applicability of the theories in the health related problems faced by the patients. The discussion also includes a case study, which enu merates the credentials of the theories, and the models involved in nursing. Theories of Nursing The models that are being enumerated are based on the practices that are being undertaken in order to resolve the health related issues of the patients. The management of the issues is being based on the principles of nursing (Rich 2013). The aim of the theories and the models is to enhance the effectiveness of the actions taken by the individuals based on the health related requirements of the patients. The basics of nursing is based on the principles that are being enumerated by Orem and Neuman in addition to the classic principles formulated by Nightingale. The transition of the principles took place based on the requirements of the circumstances that are being faced by the people at that time. The most interesting fact is that the models and theories are still applicable, even in this modernized world (Alligood 2014). There might be certain modifications in the practices undertaken then and now, but the basics remained the same. This section of the discussion will be focusing on the principles and theories of nursing that are being enumerated in order to make the nursing services more efficient. The discussion will also include the limitations and the benefits of the applicability of the theories and enumerate the circumstances at which they are better applicable. The major assumptions of Orems self-care deficit theory are based on the responsibility of the patient and the family members other than the healthcare professionals. It includes communication as nursing is a practice based on the interaction between the patient and the nurse. The patient communicates the issues to the nurse, and the nurse communicates to the patient on the problems faced by the patient. It is a profession, which requires integration between the nurse and the patient. The theory by Orem comprises of three interrelated parts, which helps in the understanding of the health related issues faced by the people. The theory of self-care, the theory of self-care deficit and the theory of nursing system are the parts on which the theory proposed by Orem is established (Grove, Burns and Gray 2012). According to the self-care system, Orem outlined the essentials for the individuals to undertake the care for their own self (Refer to Appendice 1). Therefore, self-care is the firs t step to nursing. It includes the individuals own needs care for the self. On the other hand, the self-care deficit theory enumerates the ways in which the actions of the nurses are required. This happens when an adult is incapable to take care of the issues faced by the person. The issues might be due to the inefficiency of the person or the nature of illness. The continuous maintenance of the issues are being undertaken through the principles as the nurse takes up the responsibility of adhering to the health related requirements of the individual. The nursing systems underlined by Orem helps in understanding the procedures of the nursing practices where the actions of the nurse are being defined based on the varied requirements of the patients (Cherry and Jacob 2016). The theory proposed by Orem gives a totality to the profession of nursing. It provides the very pathway for undertaking the actions in order to sustain the life of the patient at the time of the individuals incapabi lity. On the other hand, the system model proposed by Neuman helps in understanding the effectiveness of the precautionary actions in nursing. It is a holistic approach to nursing which not only deals with the body of the organism but also the mind and the spirit (Papathanasiou, Sklavou and Kourkouta 2013). It believes in the integrated functioning of the body mind and the spirit for keeping a person healthy. It regards the stressors and the stress response factors as the only reason for an individuals illness (Lachman 2012). Therefore, it supports the views of preventing the stress factors to affect the patient by changing the environment and the habits of the patient (Refer to Appendice 2). The major consideration undertaken by this approach is based on the environment- both internal and the external sources in order to determine the well living of the individual. The basic consideration undertaken by the concept is based on the requirements of the patient as to the type of approach bein g chosen. The nurses are required to stress more on the environmental stressors that surrounds the individuals (Barker 2012). It helps in determining the changes that the nurse might undertake in order to prevent the stressors from affecting the patients livelihood. The System model is being balanced with the wellness of the person. The patients system moves towards the unrequited end when there is an energy lag and a lack of the life force. On the other hand, the excess of the life force helps the individuals to live the life. The approaches that are being discussed in this section have its individual strengths and weaknesses, which determine the applicability of the theories on the patients life. The most important consideration undertaken by the nurse is based on the requirement of the patient and the applicability of the theories in practice (Townsend 2014). The nursing practices undertaken by the nurses help in recovering the patient to the natural environment and recovery from the illness or the disorder that the patient is facing. Based on the requirements of the disease the nurse inculcates the theories and thereby helps in making significant progress in the life of the patient. The theories help in determining the duties of the nurse in dealing with the incapability of the patient (Reed and Shearer 2012). The other aspects undertaken by the nurse is based on the objectives of nursing. Nursing includes supporting the patient in the individuals inabilities. According to Orems theory, the three parts help in determining the functions of the nurse in dealing with the problem faced by the patient. The self-care helps in maintaining a continuous health care of the individual. The individuals in order to keep themselves fit and active undertake it. On the other hand, the self-care deficit theory determines the circumstances where the patient is incapable to take care of the individual and the intervention of the nurse into the process is craved (Rice 2012). The last part of the theory deals with the responsibilities of the nurse in order to deal with the issues faced by the patient. The most important part to be enumerated in this context is based on the patients requirements of treating the incapability. The theory helps in determining the wholeness of the nursing care and the duties of the nurses are therefore enumerated in this context (Stanhope and Lancaster 2013). On the other hand, the theory proposed by Neuman is based on the holistic approach of the nursing. It helps in undertaking the activities that determine the efficient care undertaken in order to cure the patient of the issues faced relating to the mind, spirit and body. The theory believes in the environmental circumstances that affects the health of the individuals. The individuals health is dependent on the factors of the stressors that are present in the environment. Certain situations that put a stress on the human brain can be harmful for the body, mind and the spirit of the person (Raingruber 2016). Therefore, the principle of this theory is based on removing the stressors from the environment in order to cure the person of the inabilities. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the holistic approach that is being identified with the concept. It helps in judging the situation of the patients and thereby helps in avoiding the stressful situations. In the modern days, the therapists and the psychologists are using this approach in order to implement the wholeness of the actions taken. The theories that are being enumerated ion the above discussions helps in determining the most feasible and effective approach of nursing (McCabe and Timmins 2013). In the modern days, both of the concepts are applicable based on the requirements of the patients. The wholeness of the theories overlaps one on another in order to make use of the situations. The most applicable theory of the modern day is based on the wholeness of the practices, which is identified by the model of Orem. It helps in undertaking the events to minute concepts and thereby helps in making the improvements in the life of the patients. It also helps the nurse by enumerating the functions in an emergency. The case opens with the appointment of a home care nurse for an elderly woman, named Jessica, who is suffering from the pains of osteoarthritis. The nurse is supposed to assist the lady and make improvements in the style of living in order to cure her of the painful situation. At the first step, the nurse undertakes a communication with the woman, which helped the nurse in understanding the situation of the woman and the amount of pain she is into (Scribd.com 2017). The steps taken by the nurse will be based on the theory of Orem, which enumerates and defines the functions that the nurse might undertake in order to rehabilitate the woman to her previous state. The applicability of the theory helped the nurse in understanding the situation and thereby frames the course of action that are required to be undertaken. The woman is suffering from the joint pains that seemed to cease her actions for the days and is slowing her down. She is facing a depression due to her incapability and the refore the nursing is required as the self-care practices cannot be undertaken by the woman. The steps taken by the nurse will be based on the requirements of the patient, and the kind of attention required by the inability faced by the patient. The course of action undertaken by the nurse cannot be holistic and therefore only by meagerly changing the environment or the removal of the stressors from the environment would not be working for the patient. The nurse therefore chooses the Orems theory over Neumans in order to attend the needs of the patient. The steps taken by the nurse in enhancing the condition of the patient is based on the methods enumerated by the theory proposed by Orem, which states the responsibilities of a nurse to act or serve for the patient and thereby make the patient aware of the steps that would be reducing the pain (Alligood, Wood and Alligood 2013). The information that is being transmitted by the nurse will be helping the patient to cope up with the similar situations in the future. According to the ethics, the nurse must undertake steps in order to improve the environment. The environment is just a factor under nursing that must be undertaken by the nurse for the fast recovery of the patient. As the case suggests the requirements of the client is based on the disability faced by the patient and therefore the theory enumerates the action of the nurse as a therapist for the patient. The action of the nurse in this context will be based on the requirements of the patient in order to cope up with the pain faced by the patient. Reducing the pain that is suffered by the patient will be helpful in this context. Therefore, the nurse is required to bring about a change in the process in order to make the patient feel better. Moreover, the pain suffered by the patient is based on the depletion of the cartilage that can be enhanced through physiotherapy and a healthy diet (Howatson-Jones 2016). The actions that are being enumerated by the nurse is based on the theory that is being followed in order to adhere to the attention that is required by the client. The holistic approach that is being suggested by Neuman would not work with the present scenario as the change of the environment cannot bring in much change in the patients life or the pain suffered by the patient (Alligood 2013). It might distract the patients attention for an amount of time but it cannot be used as a remedy for the problem faced by the client. The most important step that is being undertaken by the nurse is based on the assumptions of the change./ the change that is being brought in the life of the patient is based on the food habits and the proper exercises that are being enumerated by the nurse to cure the patient. The practices undertaken by the nurse is believed to help the patient with the incapability and make the patient aware of the problems and the remedies in order to ensure the future capabilities of the patient to take care of herself. The nurse ensures that the patient is aware of the necessities to adjust herself to the pain and thereby take steps in order to reduce the pain through several activities. Te nurse is required to motivate the patient in order to make her adjusted with the issue faced by the client. Primary Osteoarthritis affects the livelihood of women after the age of 65, and the client being elder must be motivated. The nurse keeps a record of the issues faced by the client and the activities that the patient undertakes after the completion of which she faces the fatigue. The major function undertaken by the nurse is advised by the theory, which enumerates a long lasting solution to the issues that are being faced by the patient. The most common factor that is being r aised by the client might be due to the ineffectiveness of the strategies undertaken by the nurse on the pain that is subduing the activities. The problems faced by the patient based on the inabilities helps in understanding the requirements of the patient to be recovered. The practices that are being undertaken by the nurse, which helps in the reduction of the pain experienced by the patient. The patient experiences the pain, which is again based on the criteria of the disease that is being faced by the patient. The theory defines the job of the nurse as a therapist in order to reduce the suffering of the patient through the activities and the physical exercises that the patient is required to undertake. However, the patient being an elderly woman cannot fully undertake the activities that are required to be undertaken in order to reduce the pain. The reduction of the pain therefore, can be undertaken through the proper diet and the physiotherapy that the nurse is required to deliver. The strategies enumerated by the nurse in this context will be based on the inability of the patient to take care of the suffering. The proper communication of the issues faced by the patient and the proper implementation of the strategies enumerated by the nurse helped in reducing the pain of the patient finally. The applicability of the theory proposed by Orem in this case proved to have a valuable outcome with the reduction of suffering of the patient (Sargent 2012). The steps that are being undertaken by the nurse are based on the requirements of the patient in order to deal with the sufferings. The primary osteoarthritis faced by the patient reflects upon the steps that are being enumerated by the nurse. The theory by Orem has helped in adhering to the correct needs of the patient and thereby helped the nurse in identifying the required steps to deal with the issue. The nurse helps the patient in identifying the probable causes for the suffering and ratifies the patient needs as to the issues that the patient might face while undertaking the self-care activities in future (Chadwick and Gallagher 2016). The nurse is supposed to motivate the patient to take rest after the completion of the activities and the engagements of the patient in various activities and exercises that might help the patient in reducing the pain. The nurse is also supposed to help the patient with the usage of the non-pharmacological instruments through demonstrations, which will be facilitating the self-care addressed by the theory proposed by Orem (Joel 2017). The most important consideration undertaken by the family mates of the patient is to help the patient in undertaking the activities in the absence of the nurse. Therefore, the nurse might demonstrate the activities to the family members in order to make sure that the family members are monitoring over the exercises of the patient (Kaakinen et al. 2014). The medication of the patient is again an important step that the nurse must undertake in order to relieve the patient of the sudden rise of the pain. The self-care and the self-care deficit theory enumerated by Orem help in the understanding and the functioning of the nursing in both ends (McCrae 2012). Nursing is a two way process where the patient is required to cooperate with the nurs e. In this context, the cooperation of the patient is an important consideration in order to make the nurse aware of the issues faced by the patient. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion of the theories that are being enumerated in nursing practices it can be stated that the relevant actions that are being designed by the nurses is based on the healthcare needs of the individuals. The theories state the observance of the actions undertaken by the nurse in order to deal with the issues faced by the patients relating to healthcare. The assistance of the healthcare professionals helps in assessing the required point of action. The theory proposed by Orem helps in enumerating steps in order to cure the patient of the disabilities that are being faced. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the requirements of the patient based on the disability faced by the patient. On the other hand, the theory proposed by Neuman helps in determining the environment, which has caused the patients disability and the removal of the stressors in order to ring improvements in the life of the patient. It is useful while cons idering the mental and the psychological limitations that are being faced by the patient. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the requirements of the patient and the type of recovery program that the disease requires. The research of the theories are being supported by a case study which deals with the pains of a elderly woman suffering from osteoarthritis and the application of the theories of nursing in order to deal with the pain. The discussion helps in the understanding of the theories and their application in the profession. References Alligood, M.R., 2013. Introduction to nursing theory: its history, significance, and analysis.Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, p.1. Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Alligood, M.R., 2014.Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences. Alligood, M.R., Wood, A.F. and Alligood, A.R., 2013. The nature of knowledge needed for nursing practice.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application, p.1. Barker, A.M., 2012.Advanced practice nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Chadwick, R. and Gallagher, A., 2016.Ethics and nursing practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Grove, S.K., Burns, N. and Gray, J., 2012.The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Howatson-Jones, L., 2016.Reflective practice in nursing. Learning Matters. Im, E.O. and Ju Chang, S., 2012. Current trends in nursing theories.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(2), pp.156-164. Joel, L.A., 2017.Advanced practice nursing: Essentials for role development. FA Davis. Kaakinen, J.R., Coehlo, D.P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A. and Hanson, S.M.H., 2014.Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research. FA Davis. Lachman, V.D., 2012. 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