Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Trisomy 21 is caused, as the name suggests, by the triplication of the 21st chromosome. Genes which, simplified, contain the blueprints for our cellular structure, are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. In Down syndrome (DS), however, the cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. This excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in DS. The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,100 live births. Each year approximately 3,000 to 5,000 children are born with this chromosome disorder. It is believed there are about 250,000 families in the United States who are affected by DS. (Berg, 614) Discussed in this paper will be a more detailed description of the pathophysiology of Down syndrome, as well as the discovery, possible causes, physical features, associated conditions, possible treatment, electroneurodiagnostic corollaries, and psychosocial issues. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 has been alluded to in art, literature and science for centuries. One of the more interesting of these is the Changeling in Gaelic myth. We will write a custom essay on Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was believed that when a child was born with the dysmorphic characteristics now associated with DS i.e. epicanthal folds, simian creases, small ears etc., an elf or evil spirit had replaced the infant that was meant to be theirs with the offspring of a mischievous creature. However, it wasnt until 1866, that a physician named John Langdon Down published an essay in England in which he described a set of children with common features who were distinct from other children with mental retardation. Down was superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England when he made the first distinction between children who were cretins (later to be found to have hypothyroidism) and what he referred to as Mongoloids. Down based this unfortunate name on his notion that these children looked like people from Mongolia, who were thought then to have an arrested development. This ethnic insult came under fire in the 1960s from Asian genetic researchers, and the term was dropped from scientific use. Instead, the condition became called Downs syndrome. In the 1970s, an American revision of scientific terms changed it simply to Down syndrome, due to the insinuation of ownership caused by the possessive apostrophe, although it is still called Downs in Europe. The causes of DS were much speculated over during the first part of the twentieth century. The first to speculate that Down syndrome might be chromosomal in nature were Waardenberg and Bleyer during the 1930s. However it wasnt until 1959 that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs, working independently, first determined the cause to be trisomy (triplication) of the 21st chromosome. To understand the pathophyisology of Trisomy 21 you must first understand the basic structure of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures composed of DNA and other proteins. They are present in every cell of the body and carry the genetic information needed for that cell to develop. Genes, which are units of information, are encoded in the DNA. Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes, which can be arranged in 23 pairs. Of these 23, 22 are alike in males and females; these are called the autosomes. The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Each member of a pair of chromosomes carries the same information, in that the same genes are in the same spots on the chromosome. However, variations of that gene (alleles) may be present. (Example: the genetic information for eye color is a gene; the variations for blue, green, etc. are the alleles. .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postImageUrl , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:visited , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active { border:0!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: April, 1985 and we were driving away from civilization towards the untamed, natural and beautiful Essay) Human cells divide in two ways. The first is ordinary cell division (mitosis), by which the body grows. In this method, one cell becomes two cells, which have the exact same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. The second method of cell division occurs in the ovaries and testicles (meiosis) and consists of one cell splitting into two, with the resulting cells having half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. So, normal eggs and sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes instead of .

Conjugation of Spanish Verbs in the Present Tense

Conjugation of Spanish Verbs in the Present Tense The most common set of verbs in Spanish and perhaps the most important set of verbs that need to be learned first is the present  indicative  tense. Although there are conjugations that are easier to learn, the present indicative tense is used the most. Native English speakers conjugate regular verbs all the time without thinking about it: For the past tense add a d or ed to the end of a verb, and for the present tense, add an s or es to indicate that one person or thing is performing an action. Basic Spanish Conjugation Concepts The conjugation of Spanish verbs is a little trickier than in English. A speaker needs to consider several different tenses, moods, gender, and agreement in person according to what needs to be conveyed in the sentence. Spanish verb endings can indicate when the action occurs, and also give the listener a better idea of who or what is performing the action. The present tense means that the action is occurring now. The indicative mood means that the sentence is a statement of fact. To  conjugate  a verb in the present indicative, remove the  infinitive  ending of the regular verb, in this case  -ar,  -er  or  -ir,  and replace it with an ending that gives an indication as to the person that is performing the action of the verb. For example, hablar is the infinitive of a common regular verb ending in -ar.  To form the present indicative, remove the  -ar, which leaves the stem of the verb  habl-. If the person speaking in the sentence is in the singular  first person, that would mean the sentence would be conjugated to be I speak. In Spanish, when conjugating or changing the stem into a  first-person verb, take the stem and add -o, forming the word  hablo. I speak is Yo hablo. To say you speak, which is the singular, informal, second person, add -as to the stem, forming the word  hablas. You speak is Tu hablas. Other forms exist for subjects such as he, she, or it, we, and they. The endings are slightly different for verbs that end in -er and -ir, but the principle is the same. Remove the infinitive ending, then add the appropriate ending to the remaining stem. Conjugation of Regular -Ar Verbs in the Present Indicative Tense Person -Ar Ending Example: Hablar Translation: To Speak yo -o hablo I speak t -as hablas you (informal) speak l, ella, usted -a habla he/she speak, you (formal) speak nosotros, nosotras -amos hablamos we speak vosotros, vosotras -is hablis you speak (informal) ellos, ellas, ustedes -an hablan they speak, you (formal) speak Conjugation of Regular -Er Verbs in the Present Indicative Tense Person -Er Ending Example: Aprender Translation: To Learn yo -o aprendo I learn t -es aprendes you (informal) learn l, ella, usted -e aprende he/she learns, you (formal) learn nosotros, nosotras -emos aprendemos we learn vosotros, vosotras -is aprendis you learn (informal) ellos, ellas, ustedes -en aprenden they learn, you (formal) learn Conjugation of Regular -Ir Verbs in the Present Indicative Tense Person -Ir Ending Example: Vivir Translation: To Live yo -o vivo I live t -es vives you (informal) live l, ella, usted -e vive he/she lives, you (formal) live nosotros, nosotras -imos vivimos we live vosotros, vosotras -s vivs you live (informal) ellos, ellas, ustedes -en viven they live, you (formal) live Irregular Verb Conjugation Although most verbs conjugate regularly, the most common verbs in Spanish usually do not. In some cases, not only the endings change, but also the main part of the verb, known as the stem. This is similar to English, where the most common verbs such as to be and to go are also highly  irregular verbs. Present Indicative Conjugations of Common Irregular Verbs Infinitive Translation Conjugations dar to give yo doy, t das, usted/l/ella da, nosotros/nosotras damos, vosotros/vosotras dais, ustedes/ellos/ellas dan estar to be yo estoy, t ests, usted/l/ella est, nosotros/nosotras estamos, vosotros/vosotras estis, ustedes/ellos/ellas estn hacer to make yo hago, t haces, usted/l/ella hace, nosotros/nosotras hacemos, vosotros/vosotras hacis, ustedes/ellos/ellas hacen ir to go yo voy, t vas, usted/l/ella va, nosotros/nosotras vamos, vosotros/vosotras vais, ustedes/ellos/ellas van poder to be able to yo puedo, t puedes, usted/l/ella puedes, nosotros/nosotras podemos, vosotros/vosotras podis, ustedes/ellos/ellas pueden ser to be yo soy, t eres, usted/l/ella es, nosotros/nosotras somos, vosotros/vosotras sois, ustedes/ellos/ellas son tener to have yo tengo, t tienes, usted/l/ella tiene, nosotros/nosotras tenemos, vosotros/vosotras tenis, ustedes/ellos/ellas tienen Key Takeaways In both English and Spanish, conjugating involves the changing of verb forms to give information about who or what is performing the verbs action and when that action occurs.Spanish conjugation is far more extensive than Englishs, thus providing more information about the verbs action.Conjugating regular Spanish verbs in the indicative present tense involves removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and changing it to something else.

How A Report Writing Course Can Tame Big Data

How A Report Writing Course Can Tame Big Data Once upon a time, there was a warning was that big brother could be watching. Well, today big data is doing his job. Big data is everywhere all the time. Gartner, the information research technology and advisory company posits: Big data is high-volume, high-velocity, high-variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making. Wikopedia pipes in with: data sets so large that traditional data processing applications are inadequate. If computers need help making sense of big data, pity the person charged with writing a report summarizing the results. Big data is creating a culture in which businessand IT join forces to realize value from data. Companies make decisions based on big data but first it has to be visualized and translated into a report that can communicate the results to key decision makers and ensure they understand it. Communicating Big Data in a Business Report Since reports are one of the most important forms of written communication in the business world, the key is to find someone who both understands the brave new world of big data and also has a knack for the type of clear concise writing a report calls for. However raw talent is not enough. Skills needed for report writing, like the ability to differentiate the essential from non-essential, organizational judgment, and clarity of communication, are acquired more often than inherited, it's a good ideal that the person charged with the task first attend a report writing course. Basic Insights Language and layout are important if a report is to be accurate and understandable. No matter whether it is a scientific report, financial report, research or medical, there there are a few basic insights of good writing to keep in mind. A well-written report..... anticipates the readers' questions. In order to accomplish this, the writer should periodically review what he is writing and attempt to see it from the point of view of a reader, especially one skeptical about the world of big data. is like a good teacher. It strives to explain the facts is like math. It has logic and structure. It takes a pile of facts and assembles them into a clear accessible, understandable structure. is simple. Simple is not to be confused with simplistic. Big data is complicated. A skilled report writer knows how to deconstruct it and make it comprehensible. avoids jargon. The world of big data is full of its own language. A good report uses accessible language. A Few Well Put Words of Advice These tenets can be applied to any type of writing, but as with any written undertaking, preparation is the key. In the case of big data, it involves sifting through the facts. For a few words of advice on this who better to look to than Albert Einstein ? "Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted." - Albert Einstein While all data is important, only essential data needs to be included. Writing a report calls for self-editing, especially when dealing with data. It is easy to become overwhelmed by the amount, but understanding what's important to the business can help decide what to include and what to leave out. "If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough." - Albert Einstein No matter how well the report writer understands the findings, he is essentially keeping them to himself if he can not communicate them to those reading the report. If they are to act on his insights, he has to simplify the message so that it resonates with them. Since today's business world feeds on information, report writing is an essential and marketable skill. To learn about how to write the type of reports that can further your career, contact us for information about our report writing courses. Or, download the report writing course outline.

Examining the controversial dilemma MNCs (multinational corporations) Thesis

Examining the controversial dilemma MNCs (multinational corporations) face in EMEs (emerging market economies) while simultaneously focusing on economic growth and social responsibility - Thesis Example If the companies and organizations only stress on generating profit, then that endeavor will not be a helpful one for them in the long run. For acquiring vigorous market goodwill and for remaining in the market (in the local as well as global market) as a dominant player they have to take in to consideration the ethical aspects of society and environment as a simultaneous mechanism with growth and development strategies of business and they have to become good corporate citizens. In this respect, the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) along with its various codes of conducts carries a considerable importance. Effective functioning of CSR is aimed at the establishment of socially responsible business practices within the organizations both locally and globally. With thorough multiplication of liberalization and globalization processes across the world since the 1990s, the rise of CSR agenda can be attributed as a significant development with the domain of that multiplication. The popular business mantra, â€Å"doing well by doing good† (Ciconte & Jacob, 2011, p.196) (associated with cause related marketing) became a common manifestation of CSR in the beginning of the 1990s. The underlying meaning of this mantra states that organizations can be successful by serving the broader societal interests at the same time satisfying the narrow interest of their stakeholders. Yes, it can be stated that the realization of implementing CSR is almost omnipotent among all the big companies in the world today but its very concept still attaches robust elements of confusion with itself. There have been stringent efforts by the firms in keeping the CSR policies at the apex of their business strategies but one of the major constraints is that only a h andful of them have been able to realize the way in which an integrated business strategy incorporating the agenda of society may be configured. It can be inferred that there still exists a

Select 3 Decision Making Tools Studied in the Managing Decisions Essay

Select 3 Decision Making Tools Studied in the Managing Decisions Module and Evaluate their Advantages and Disadvantages - Essay Example Individuals as well as groups make decisions as a reaction to a problem in most cases. Robbins (1993) concurs with this assertion when he states that decision making takes place when there is a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state requiring consideration of alternative courses of action. Decision making is one of the primary responsibilities of all the employees given that they are somehow affected by the decisions made in the organisation. There are various tools or methods that can be implemented in carrying out the decision making process. Against this background, this report seeks to critically evaluate the approach of decision making through focusing on three methods that can be used in decision making and these include the following: project management, knowledge management as well as delegation management The report will outline the advantages and disadvantages of each decision making tool mentioned above and the third part will focus on how these methods can be combined in order to improve decision making in business. 1.1 Outline of the business opportunity Blue Tavern is an established bar but has recently experienced a decline in profits mainly as a result of lack of coordination among the employees which has resulted in some customers leaving without served. However, the management has underscored to implement a decision implement a new information system in a bid to turn around the fortunes of the company. As such, this report seeks to reflect on the benefits and limitations of the approach used in developing this business opportunity. As going to be shown in the following sections, a critique of the effectiveness of the decision making methods mentioned above will be carried. 2.0 Project management The term project is used to describe a set of linked activities which can be described as a onetime activity with a well defined set of desired results (Burke, 2007). A project is usually comprised of a definite start as well as finishing time and goes according to schedule. Project management plays a pivotal role in order for any project to be a success and it involves the following factors that often affect the full implementation of a project: scheduling, budgeting, communication and estimating. Essentially, the purpose of project management is to provide management with valid data upon which management decisions can be based (http://www.pim.com.pk/faq.htm). A holistic approach is required in order for a project as the one outlined above to be a success given that there are negative implications likely to be encountered during the course of implementing the project. Project management is often seen as a viable method of making decisions which often affect different projects. However, this method may have its shortcomings hence the following section is going to critically eva

Henry David Thoreau Essay Example for Free

Henry David Thoreau Essay Transcendentalism is a very important movement that occurred not only in literature but in life as well. The transcendentalist movement was a movement that was basically the thought of everyone having an over-soul. The over-soul is the thought of a relationship between God, nature, and man. The movement had many different characteristics like individuality, feelings being priority over reason, the fact that nature was divine, and that nature held truths. Transcendentalists used the truths that they observed in the world and in nature to change the way society was and how people see themselves in the world. Although the idea of a utopia was not successful, the movement sparked a change in literature. Emerson and Thoreau are the two people most associated with transcendentalism. They both wrote essays about their experiences in nature and influenced many other writers to do the same (hence the transcendentalist movement). The transcendentalist thought is especially apparent in Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson’s work. Whitman and Dickenson both show many traits of the movement, but the most apparent trait is individualism. Individualism is often portrayed in Emerson and Thoreau’s work as being equal. Everyone has a soul, inner truth is the only thing that matters, and fulfillment comes from knowing one’s self. In Emerson’s essay Nature, he describes man as being universal and related. In the quote â€Å" . . . that great nature in which we rest . . . that Unity, that Over-Soul, within which every mans particular being is contained and made one with all other. . . . We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related; the eternal ONE. † Emerson is saying that all men have souls and that each soul is a part of an even bigger soul, the universal soul. This is basically saying that we are all equal, but at the same time we are separated because we each have a soul of our own. In another essay, self-reliance, he stated â€Å"Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this, he is saying that being misunderstood is being great. This also says that being misunderstood is forgetting what society says you should be or act like and doing what you want to do in order to find yourself and be your own person. By not caring about what others may think about your choices and decisions, you can be your own person and set an example for others to do the same. Not only was Emerson talking about being an individual, he was also adding a bit about your feelings being more important that reason. Thoreau also writes about individualism in his essays. In Walden, Thoreau writes about the experiences and life of his life. He writes â€Å"†¦ if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet success unexpected in common hours. † This is saying that you should live the way that you want to live and that your inner truth or inner desires are all that matter. Everyone has inner truth and desires and to live the life that you want to live then you should go for the dreams that you have always wanted to come true. This is a prime example of individualism because everyone has dreams and inner truths about the way that they want to live and it is completely up to them to live the way that they want to live. He also addresses individualism in another essay titled Civil Disobedience. He writes â€Å"But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step towards obtaining it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this, he is encouraging people to take a stand for the rights and respect they deserve. In a way, he is telling people to stop ignoring the unfair government and do something about the way you feel. This is showing again how everyone has inner truth and they should do something to change the way the world is to be better. Thoreau wanted the government to change and so he spoke about what he believed to be true. This is him showing his individualism and encouraging others to speak up as well about the truth that they believed. Like Emerson and Thoreau, Whitman and Dickenson have both used individualism in their works, but Whitman does a better job at portraying it. In Whitman’s poem ‘Song of Myself’, Whitman writes about everyone being equal and having equal opportunities. He states â€Å"I am of old and young, of the foolish as much as the wise, regardless of others, ever regardful of others, maternal as well as paternal, a child as well as a man, stuffed with the stuff that is course, and stuffed with the stuff that is fine † In this quote he is comparing total opposites to each other. This is a way of showing how even the opposites are the same. Regardless of others, ever regardful of others means that others mean nothing to you, yet others mean everything to you. It’s contradicting, but in a way that says although others mean nothing to you, they affect you in certain ways. Everyone affects you, but you are not everyone. You are simply yourself and that is what I get from what Whitman was describing. In another part of the poem, Whitman says ‘I am as bad as the worst, but thank God, I am as good as the best. ’ This quote stands out because it means no one is better than anyone. Just because you don’t get in trouble doesn’t mean you are any less wrong or less bad. Just because you do good things doesn’t mean you are any better! Being good is simply being good and the same goes for being bad. No one is any better or worst. This means that everyone is equal and has equal opportunities. Dickenson also uses individualism as a theme in some of her works as well. In the poem ‘Heaven Has Different Signs—To Me’, Dickenson writes â€Å"The Rapture of a finished Day—Returning to the West—All these—remind us of the place, That Men call paradise† In this poem Dickinson is describing what heaven would be like. This quote refers to the end of the day for men. Individualism is living the way you want and reaching fulfillment. This quote shows how men are fulfilled in their lives and of what they call paradise. To me, I don’t think she is writing about heaven, I think she is writing about a utopia. She is writing about a place that everyone is equal and enlightened. Dickinson and Whitman both write about being equal and living the life that you want to lead. Even though they both write about individualism, Whitman portrays it much more and it is more apparent. They were both influenced by the transcendentalist movement, but Dickinson focuses on other traits like how nature is beautiful and simple and the relationship that nature, life, and death have. The transcendentalist movement may be over, but it left an imprint in literature. Many people speak of individualism and the name most associated with it in the movement is Walt Whitman. Works Cited Poemhunters. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Quotations by Author. Walt Whitman Quotes. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Thoreau, Henry D. Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau. Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau. Jone Johnson Lewis, n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Thoreau, Henry D. Walden. N. p. : Jalic, 2003. Print. Whitman, Walt. (1836)Nature. Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Oregon State College, n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Whitman, Walt. Self Reliance. Mrgunnar. net. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

Risks and Effects of West Nile Virus Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedic

Risks and Effects of West Nile Virus West Nile Virus has many effects on the human body as well as on the bodies of other animals. West Nile is an extremely dangerous virus that attacks the Central Nervous System. It can cause inflammation of tissues in and around the brain and spinal cord. In humans, there are three levels of West Nile Virus, which have different symptoms. Humans can also get specific diseases such as encephalitis from West Nile Virus. West Nile Virus also affects animals. Wild birds and horses are the most susceptible to the virus and most animal deaths occur in these species. Dogs and cats are much less likely to contract the disease. The only way for a human or animal to get the disease is to be bitten by a mosquito infected with West Nile Virus. The effects of West Nile Virus vary among different people. The risks of getting West Nile Virus are very small, but there are certain things that you should be careful of. People over age 50 and children are most likely to contract West Nile Virus, because their immune system is not capable of coping with the disease. Every time that you go outside you are in danger of getting West Nile Virus. It is best to stay away from mosquitoes and stagnant water. Although there are risks, there are also some things you don’t have to worry about. Blood donations are all checked for the virus and the likelihood of getting the disease from a blood transfusion or organ transplant is very small. Nursing and pregnancies also do not increase risk of contracting the virus. It has not yet been proven, but it is thought that the possibility of a mother transmitting the virus to the fetus through breast feeding is not probable. (CDC, 2005). There are three different levels of symptom... ...s, more lives may be lost to the virus. For this reason it is extremely important that a vaccine and a treatment are found for west Nile so that in the future death or permanent brain or spinal damage can be prevented. Risks and Effects of West Nile Virus 5 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005, July) West Nile Virus: Questions and Answers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Community Health Administration July 20, 2005 Edcp.org/html/wn.html Food and Drug Administration (2005, July) FDA Clears First Test for West Nile Virus FDA News July 25, 2005 www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00920.html California Government (2005, July) West Nile Basics Welcome to California July 25, 2005 westnile.ca.gov/wnv_basics.htm Lee, M. (2003) West Nile Virus Overview and Abstracts Hauppage, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Lack of Education Due to Poverty

Poverty, as it is identified, in the grossly underdeveloped areas of Africa and other developing world countries cannot be compared in likeness to poverty situations faced by those in Canada and the United States. In these â€Å"rich countries† the poor are characterized as those who have a comparably low level of income, usually measured in the relative approach, one-half the median income whereas poverty as it is faced by those in developing countries is a matter of survival with little or no hope for escape. With this in mind, the only evidence of poverty being prevalent in rich countries can be found only in the minds of the establishment. In other words, those who may be materialistically rich still prove to be compassionately impoverished. The economic make-up of a countries† infrastructure like Canada†s or the United States† exemplifies not poverty in the sense real threats to survival, as in Africa, but can be better explained in terms of equality or better yet inequality. The terms equality and inequality for the basis of this essay can be applied to most aspects of what economists in â€Å"rich countries† term to be poverty. What is poverty to Canada and the United States are in fact blatant examples of inequality in education. When measuring inequality there are people in Canada and the United States, who are less monetarily fortunate than others. Over 30% of the entire United States† wealth is held by only 1% of its population (The Distribution of Wealth, in class lecture). There is no need for great concern with the extent of poverty in rich countries; nevertheless inequality is due to lack of education. Instead of offering what politicians term â€Å"band-aid† solutions to poverty problems they should look more at the source of the problem which is lack of education. Canada and the United States do not posses the realities of poverty as do other countries, inequality exists and the only way to eliminate inequality is to give everybody the same opportunity in education. Education is the key to a better standard of living, wiser decisions, and convalescent equality among all. On the Statistics Canada†s website, www. statcan. ca provides insight into the relative success of people possessing some level of education be it a degree, certificate, or diploma. It is suggested by Statistics Canada that those who could establish that they possess a certain level of education were percentage wise higher employed than those who were not as well educated. Statistics Canada further elucidates the benefits of education by stating that in Canada 15% of the total uneducated population is unemployed and over 50% of all the uneducated were not in the labour force. To compare with educated only 5. 5% of them were unemployed and only 17% of all educated were not in the labour force. If countries such as Canada and the United States centered more attention on education, people would become more equal and poverty would be eradicated. In rich countries like the United States and Canada poverty should not be an absolute measure, not a relative measure, but rather a measure of inequality. In these countries there is opportunity for everyone to better their way of life. There exist established social programs which aid people searching to progress. Again Statistics Canada states that three out of five people leave poverty within a year compared to only one in ten stay in poverty for longer than five years (Income Mobility, in class lecture). This statistic led to the belief that there are shifts in inequality and that most people do not continually suffer from it. There are places for the very poor to get food and shelter and support and help to those who want it. In conclusion it has been established, with the support of Statistics Canada, that poverty as it exists in Canada and the United States is nothing more than an example of inequality in education. Equal opportunity in education shall eliminate many of the countries' problems.

Themes – of Mice and Men

Of Mice and Men, a novella written by John Steinbeck, is a tragedy incorporating a hero with a tragic flaw, a climax, and a tragic resolution. The title of the novella, â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, is the first clue to Steinbeck’s specific cultural issues. The title is a line taken from a poem called, â€Å"To a Mouse†, by Robert Burns. This poem talks about man’s enslavement to forces of both elemental and human nature which cannot be controlled, destroying hopes and dreams. This stems into the theme of the loss of the American Dream. Along with alienation, the American Dream is a major theme explored throughout the course of the novel.Of Mice and Men is a story about the nature of human dreams and aspirations and the forces that work against them. Humans give meaning to their lives by creating dreams. George and Lennie's dream — to own a little farm of their own — is so central to Of Mice and Men that it appears in some form in five of the six c hapters. The telling of the story, which George has done so often, becomes a ritual between the two men: George provides the narrative, and Lennie, who has difficulty remembering even simple instructions, finishes George's sentences.To George, this dream of having their own place means independence, security, being their own boss, and, most importantly, being â€Å"somebody. † To Lennie, the dream is like the soft animals he pets: It means security, the responsibility of tending to the rabbits, and a sanctuary where he won't have to be afraid. This theme not only applies to George and Lennie, but also to Candy and Crooks. To Candy, who sees the farm as a place where he can assert a responsibility he didn't take when he let Carlson kill his dog, it offers security for old age and a home where he will fit in.For Crooks, the little farm will be a place where he can have self-respect, acceptance, and security. Having and sharing the dream, however, are not enough to bring it to l ife. Each man must make a sacrifice or battle some other force that seeks to steal the dream away. Some of these obstacles are external – the threat from Curley's wife, Curley's violence, and the societal prejudices that plague each man; others are internal – Lennie's strength and his need to touch soft things. For George, the greatest threat to the dream is Lennie himself; ironically, it is Lennie who also makes the dream worthwhile.In addition to dreams, humans crave contact with others to give life meaning. Alienation is present throughout this novel. On the most obvious level, we see this isolation when the ranch hands go into town on Saturday night to ease their loneliness with alcohol and women. Similarly, Lennie goes into Crook's room to find someone with whom to talk, and later Curley's wife comes for the same reason. Crooks says, â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain't got nobody. Don't make no difference who the guy is, long's he's with you. † Even Slim ment ions, â€Å"I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone.That ain't no good. They don't have no fun. After a long time they get mean. † George's taking care of Lennie and the dream of the farm are attempts to break the pattern of loneliness that is part of the human condition. Similarly, Lennie's desire to pet soft things comes from his need to feel safe and secure, to touch something that gives him that feeling of not being alone in the world. For Lennie, the dream of the farm parallels that security. George and Lennie, however, similarly to the American Dream, are not the only characters who struggle against loneliness.Although present in all the characters to some degree, the theme of loneliness is most notably present in Candy, Crooks, and Curley's wife. They all fight against their isolation in whatever way they can. Until its death, Candy's dog stopped Candy from being alone in the world. After its death, Candy struggles against loneliness by sharing in George an d Lennie's dream. Curley's wife is also lonely; she is the only female on the ranch, and her husband has forbidden anyone to talk with her. She combats her loneliness by flirting with the people on the ranch. Crooks is isolated because of his skin colour.As the only black man on the ranch, he is not allowed into the bunkhouse with the others, and he does not associate with them. Of Mice and Men is a novella that tries to explain what it means to be human. Man is a very small part of a very large universe; in the greater scheme of things, individuals come and go and leave very little, lasting marks. Yet deep inside all people is a longing for a place in nature — the desire for the land, roots, and a place to call â€Å"home. † Steinbeck explores the themes of the America Dream and alienation to portray the uncertainty of success.

The Milky Way Galaxy essays

The Milky Way Galaxy essays One of the most intriguing parts of the universe is our knowledge of the Milky Way. The hazy band of white light that one can often see in the night sky has been proven to be the home of our Solar System. There are so many different aspects that make the Milky Way so incredible, and it is important to become knowledgeable about these different aspects. Its structure, its age, its surrounding galaxies and clusters, its mythology, the existence of life throughout it, and even its future are all important components of what makes the Milky Way so inconceivable. Focusing on its structure, the Milky Way is the immense, spiral galaxy which is the home of our Solar System with around 400 billion other stars and their planets, and thousands of nebulae and clusters. It is a giant, as its mass is probably between 750 billion and one trillion solar masses, and its diameter is about 100,000 light years. It is arranged into three main components as shown in the diagram at the end of the paper. The first component is the disk, where our solar system resides. The disk of the Milky Way has four spiral arms and is made up primarily of Population I stars which tend to be blue and are reasonably young. They span an age range between a million and ten billion years. The second component is the bulge, which is at the center of the galaxy. This is a high-density region where Population II stars dominate the region. These are stars which tend to be very old, at around 10 billion years old, with a reddish color. It is said that there is a gigantic b lack hole at its center, which is "an invisible object whose gravitational pull is so great that not even light can escape from it" (Nat. Geographic 551). Our sun is over 27,000 light years from the center of the galactic galaxy. "All stars and star clusters in the Milky Way orbit the center of the Galaxy, much as the planets in our solar system orbit the sun" (551). The third component is known...

A Critical Comparison Between Clt English Language Essay

A Critical Comparison Between Clt English Language Essay In the case of communicative language teaching, students do not know how to communicate using appropriate social language they have studied, so teachers need to engage them in all sorts of activities like: role playing, problem-solving tasks, discourses and so on, in order to practice some real-life communication problems with one another. As for the direct method, teachers who use it think that a student has to learn how to think in the target language and then to be able to communicate successfully with others. They also think that students need first of all to associate the meaning with the target language. In order to do this, they use in class pictures, pantomime, sounds, gestures and so on, without translating a word into the student’s native language. In the direct method students learn how to speak when they are given some real situations like the following: they are in England and they have to go shopping. They have no food and only some clothes for the summer and th ey have to handle this particular situation where they have to speak to the cashier and to the shop assistants. The teacher and the learner’s roles in CLT and DM method : The direct method was established in Germany and France around 1900 and the communicative language teaching began in Britain in the 1960s as a replacement to the earlier structural method, called Situational Language Teaching. Both methods resemble in the fact that they refrain from using the learners’ native language and just use the target language. Their oral communication skills are built up in a carefully and progressive, they are both organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small but quite intensive classes. To the extent of learning a foreign language through the communicative language teaching, students need to have some knowledge about linguistic forms, meanings, structures and functions. The teacher is the developer or the promoter of student’s learning abilities. He manages all the activities in the classroom and he answers all the student’s questions, he is engaged in the conversations and he supports them all along. On the other hand, with the direct method, the teacher uses first some evidence, he shows his students pictures, he has the role to make them understand the meaning of things; he explains them facts with the use of pantomime and so on. One of the most conclusive characteristics of the CLT method is that all the activities are done communicatively and when they end, they also receive a feedback. Some other characteristics of this method are: the use of authentic materials, activities done in small groups of people, interaction between students is favored, etc. Same goes for the direct method too, the materials used (pictures, books, posters, bills, tickets and so on) should be authentic, to make students acquire new vocabulary words or phrases correctly in the target language. When a goal of these meth ods is to teach students grammar or the ability to produce sentences structurally correct in a language, the direct method comes with an inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language) same goes for the communicative approach where students formulate the rules themselves (inductive learning) rather than teachers (deductive learning). Learners should not be overwhelmed with linguistic terminology (Brown, 2001), grammar rules will be clearer and be remembered better if they are taught in digestible segments bearing the cognitive process in mind.

Basseri of Iran Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Basseri of Iran - Research Paper Example One definition offered for pastoral nomads is that they are â€Å"societies specializing in animal husbandry requiring periodic movement† (Barfield, 1984). For such societies, â€Å"animal husbandry is †¦an ideal way of making a living† and â€Å"movement of all or part of the society is considered a normal and natural part of life† (Barfield, 1984). Another interesting aspect of this people is that in the modern context, though they may be making more income out of activities other than pastoralism, still â€Å"the concept of nomadic pastoralism remains central to their own identities† (Barfield, 1984). Generations who have remained pastoral nomads have instilled a unique culture into this people, which cannot be erased by modernity that easily. Phillips (2001) has observed that â€Å"Basseri are true nomads, sometimes moving camp nearly everyday† (p.286). Studies (Phillips, 2001) about Basseri have shown that a group of Basseris may establish and re-erect their tent on an average of â€Å"120 times a year† (p.286). As seasons change, they follow a route that take them into pastures along the valleys and also help their cattle cope with the rising temperatures (Philipps, 2001, p.286). During summer, thus they reach the high altitudes and in the autumn, commence the return journey to the valleys (Philipps, 2001, p.286). In this way, Basseri is a people constantly on the move. And the movement in their life is connected with their primary mode of subsistence. A section of these nomads have now become sedentary while another major section still remains true to their nomadic culture (Philipps, 2001, p.283). Primary mode of subsistence As discussed above, the primary mode of subsistence for Basseri tribe has been pastoralism. They have a pattern of â€Å"annual movement cycles† which make them travel according to the climate and availability of grass for their cattle (Marx, 1977, p.344). They are also seen to mo ve around based on â€Å"subsistence units†, which are specific areas that they move into under the norm that it is their â€Å"territory† (Marx, 1977, p.344). The livelihood of Basseri tribe has been by selling meat and skin, and other pastoral products (Tapper, 1997, p.21). Anthropologists have even named the pastoral and nomadic tribes of Iran as â€Å"units of subsistence†, a nomenclature indicative of how the very mode of subsistence becomes their socio-cultural identity. Pastoralist Being pastoral does not mean that the only subsistence of a society is pastoralism. Instead such a nomenclature is just indicative that â€Å"as long as economic alternatives are insecure, and pastoralism serves as the economic base, †¦people are justly called pastoral nomads† (Marx, 1977, p.344). But the more important aspect, as discussed above is that pastoralism is always â€Å"the mainstay of their culture† (Marx, 1977, p. 344). Another fact is that past oralism is found to develop only in places where â€Å"water is seasonally in short supply† (Marx, 1977, p.345). In the deserts of Middle East, every year, there are alternating dry and wet spells of weather. It is to cope with this climatic condition that Basseri tribe became nomadic and pastoral. Culture The Basseri culture is distinct with strong ties of kinship, which has resulted in the formation of independent families who inhabit a tent.